The Soviets Decisively Ended The War By Capturing Berlin In May 1945

The New, Purpose-Built House Of Correction.
Bodmin Jail was built by prisoners of war and remains notorious for the many tales of woe and dramatic executions both inside and beyond its imposing granite walls.
Despite the dreadful conditions, the purpose-built house of correction, completed in the Cornish town of Bodmin in 1779, was a state of the art prison and was designed on principles propagated by the great prison reformer John Howard.
In keeping with his views, it housed 100 inmates in individual, light and airy cells.
Males and females were segregated, different areas were established for felons, misdemeanants and debtors, and the building boasted a chapel, an infirmary and even hot water.
In subsequent decades it required rebuilding and expansion to cope with peaks in demand, such as the increased level of committals after the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Work began on a new 220-cell jail in 1856 after the original building, struggling to meet the demands for confinement set out by new prison legislation, was inspected and declared unfit for purpose.
When the Debtor’s Act of 1869 abolished imprisonment for debt, the buildings housing the Debtor’s Prison and the under-populated Women’s Prison were given to the Admiralty and in 1887 an HM Naval Prison was established.
Before the doors of Bodmin’s civil and naval prisons were closed for the last time and the jail’s buildings were sold off in 1929, one of Britain’s finest treasures was temporarily housed within its walls.
The Domesday Book was among more than 19,000 items relocated from the Public Record Office to Bodmin Jail for safekeeping during the First World War.
Some areas of the former prison would eventually enjoy new leases of life after the closure of the prison, including the former Administration block which witnessed happier times as a club and casino in later decades.
In 2004 the building was bought for development and is now managed as a tourist attraction.
( Claire Saul, October 2015 )

The Soviets Decisively Ended The War By Capturing Berlin In May 1945.
Around 80% of the more than five million German military deaths in World War Two occurred on the Eastern Front.
This terrible conflict with the Red Army consumed great quantities of men and material until the Soviets decisively ended the war by capturing Berlin in May 1945.
During that time, the Red Army underwent a radical transformation, having been decimated by Joseph Stalin’s purges before Hitler’s armies invaded on June 22, 1941, inflicting horrendous losses.

But as the war progressed, the two sides effectively traded places, with the Red Army honing a mechanised “deep battle” doctrine that more closely resembled earlier German tactics — just as the German army fell into disarray as war-time casualties took their toll.
All the while, the Western Allies provided enormous quantities of supplies and other aid under the Lend-Lease policy.
The United States and the United Kingdom supplied more than 21 million tons of aid to the Soviet Union during the war, including thousands of tanks and warplanes.

But the question of how much this aid affected the outcome of the war would become important not only for historians, but as a matter of national pride, as the Soviet Union went on to diminish Lend-Lease’s role in helping turn the tide of battle.
Western historians would, perhaps for similar reasons, overstate the role of the aid in Soviet success.
The reality was a bit more complicated — and perhaps inconclusive.
Most likely, the Soviets would have won regardless, as the Eastern Front for the Germans was unwinnable after the Battle of Stalingrad, before most of the aid to the USSR arrived.
But Lend-Lease also certainly helped shorten the war and saved lives.
( Robert Beckhusen, 27.03.2017 )  ..  warisboring.com

Life Behind Bars Inside Bodmin Jail.
Early prisoners worked inside Bodmin Jail, men occupied with activities such as shoemaking or cutting and polishing stone and slate, while women would knit, weave and spin, all producing goods that would be sold for profit.
The early 19th century philosophy that unproductive labour would be more of a deterrent against reoffending, saw the arrival of two treadwheel and other hard-labour machines at Bodmin.
In later decades picking oakum was also introduced, requiring prisoners to spend hours unraveling the strands of old pieces of rope down to their individual fibres, which would then be sold to ship builders for use in the caulking of wooden craft.
A return to earlier prison labour philosophy came in 1898 when the Prisons Act decreed that work should have a constructive purpose.
Daily rations of bread were handed out to Bodmin’s early inmates, with those attending divine service on a Saturday being allocated an additional half pound of meat made into broth for their Sunday dinner.
The Gaol Act of 1823 aimed to improve prison diets with the addition of items such as cheese and suet although this initiative was ignored for most of the next decade, as it was in many prisons.
From the mid 1870s, food was allocated according to the length of sentence.
Those incarcerated for less than two weeks had a daily ration of bread and gruel while men and women committed to hard labour for over six months were given additional portions of meat, soup and potatoes.
More variety would not be added to the diet for almost another 40 years.
( Claire Saul, October 2015 )

Lowry, The Matchstick Man.
Lowry was a highly trained artist, and well-informed about art and artists.
Born in 1887, he was a goose at school but by the age of 15 he was at art school, and by 18 he took evening classes.
He studied in the Manchester Academy of Fine Art and at Salford Royal Technical College right through until 1925.
Lowry worked hard at Life Drawing classes well in to the 1920s.
“Long years of drawing the figure is the only thing that matters’ he said.
While studying at night he was influenced by many painters but he wanted to develop his own style and work in his own settings – paintings places like Station Road in Pendlebury where he was brought up after leaving the plusher Manchester suburbs.
He saw the beauty in the mills and chimneys.
From 1910 he worked as a rent collector for the Pall Mall Property Company (he stayed there until he was 65 in 1952) walking all over Manchester and always observing (and often sketching) the everyday scenes that adorn his paintings.
Lowry’s first exhibition was in 1919 when he had two paintings at the Annual Manchester Academy of Fine Arts exhibition.
In 1934 he was elected as a member of the Academy (he became a Royal Academician in 1962).
After that he exhibited regularly despite poor critical acclaim and after two years sold his first artwork, a pastel called The Lodging House.
When people think of Lowry they often have his Coming From the Mill in mind.
He painted this in the early 1930s.
During the war he was a fire-watcher and official war artist.
Afterwards he moved to Mottram in Cheshire and he began to paint land and seascapes.
He painted some of these at Berwick on Tweed, others at Seaburn near Sunderland.
By the 1960s Lowry’s time had come.
He was an acknowledged and successful artist.
Lowry died of pneumonia in 1976.
He’s buried in Manchester, next to his parents.
( Steve Windsor, February 2016 )